Geography Syllabus For UPSC Mains Exam

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PAPER – I
PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY
Physical Geography:
1.  Geomorphology: Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development ; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development; Applied Geomorphology : Geohydrology, economic geology and environment.
 
2.    Climatology: Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate.
 
3.  Oceanography: Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sealevel changes; law of the sea and marine pollution.
 
4.    Biogeography: Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degradation and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry; agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene pool centres.
 
5.   Environmental Geography: Principle of ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and environment; Global and regional ecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and conservation; Environmental degradation, management and conservation; Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental policy; Environmental hazards and remedial measures; Environmental education and legislation.

Human Geography:
1. Perspectives in Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural regions of the world; Human development index.
2.   Economic Geography: World economic development: measurement and problems; World resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: locational patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.
 
3.    Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
 
4.  Regional Planning: Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation; Growth centres and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies; environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.
 
5.  Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography: Systems analysis in Human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch;Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber’s model of industrial location; Ostov’s model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries and frontiers.


PAPER – II

Geography Of India

1.   Physical Setting: Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical cyclones and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation; Soil types and their distributions.
 
2.  Resources: Land, surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources; Forest and wild life resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.
 
3.   Agriculture: Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors: land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; Agro and social-forestry; Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; Significance of dry farming; Livestock resources and white revolution; aqua – culture; sericulture, apiculture and poultry; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones; agro- ecological regions.
 
4.   Industry: Evolution of industries; Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilizer, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage and agro-based industries; Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings; Industrial regionalisation; New industrial policies; Multinationals
and liberalization; Special Economic Zones; Tourism including eco-tourism.
 

5.  Transport, Communication and Trade: Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones; Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.
 
6.  Cultural Setting: Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial, linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; cultural regions; Growth, distribution and density of population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra- regional and international) and associated problems; Population problems and policies; Health indicators.
 
7.   Settlements: Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; Urban developments; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; Slums and associated problems; town planning; Problems of urbanization and remedies.
 
8.    Regional Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and decentralised planning; Command area development; Watershed management; Planning for backward area, desert, drought prone, hill, tribal area development; multi-level planning; Regional planning and development of island territories.
 
9.  Political Aspects: Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganisation; Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and inter state issues; international boundary of India and related issues; Cross border terrorism; India’s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.
 
10.   Contemporary Issues: Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues relating to environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management; Population explosion and food security; Environmental degradation; Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development; Concept of sustainable growth and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalisation and Indian economy.

CIVIL ENGINEERING Syllabus For UPSC Mains

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 CIVIL ENGINEERING Syllabus For UPSC Mains

 PAPER – I

1. Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials and Structural Analysis:1.1 Engineering Mechanics:
   Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Vectors, Concept of Force, Concept of particle and rigid body. Concurrent, Non Concurrent and parallel forces in a plane, moment of force, free body diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of virtual work, equivalent force system. First and Second Moment of area, Mass moment of Inertia. Static Friction. Kinematics and Kinetics: Kinematics in Cartesian Co-ordinates, motion under uniform and non-uniform acceleration, motion under gravity. Kinetics of particle: Momentum and Energy principles, collision of elastic bodies, rotation of rigid bodies.1.2 Strength of Materials:
   Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic constants, axially loaded compression members, Shear force and bending moment, theory of simple bending, Shear Stress distribution across cross sections, Beams of uniform strength.
   Deflection of beams: Macaulay’s method, Mohr’s Moment area method, Conjugate beam method, unit load method. Torsion of Shafts, Elastic stability of columns, Euler’s Rankine’s and Secant formulae.1.3 Structural Analysis:
   Castiglianio’s theorems I and II, unit load method of consistent deformation applied to beams and pin jointed trusses. Slope deflection, moment distribution, Rolling loads and Influences lines: Influences lines for Shear Force and Bending moment at a section of beam. Criteria for maximum shear force and bending Moment in beams traversed by a system of moving loads. Influences lines for simply supported plane pin jointed trusses.Arches: Three hinged, two hinged and fixed arches, rib shortening and temperature effects.Matrix methods of analysis: Force method and displacement method of analysis of indeterminate beams and rigid frames.Plastic Analysis of beams and frames: Theory of plastic bending, plastic analysis, statical method, Mechanism method.Unsymmetrical bending: Moment of inertia, product of inertia, position of Neutral Axis and Principle axes, calculation of bending stresses.
2. Design of Structures: Steel, Concrete and Masonry Structures:
   
   2.1 Structural Steel Design:
   Structural Steel: Factors of safety and load factors. Riveted, bolted and welded joints and connections. Design of tension and compression member, beams of built up section, riveted and welded plate girders, gantry girders, stancheons with battens and lacings.2.2 Design of Concrete and Masonry Structures:
   Concept of mix design. Reinforced Concrete: Working Stress and Limit State method of design–Recommendations of I.S. codes Design of one way and two way slabs, stair-case slabs, simple and continuous beams of rectangular, T and L sections. Compression members under direct load with or without eccentricity, Cantilever and Counter fort type retaining walls.Water tanks: Design requirements for Rectangular and circular tanks resting on ground.Prestressed concrete: Methods and systems of prestressing, anchorages, Analysis and design of sections for flexure based on working stress, loss of prestress. Design of brick masonry as per I.S.Codes
3. Fluid Mechanics, Open Channel Flow and Hydraulic Machines:
   
   3.1 Fluid Mechanics:
   Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces act- 30 www.employmentnews.gov.in Employment News 31 May – 6 June 2014 ing on plane and curved surfaces.Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow: Velocity and accelerations, stream lines, equation of continuity, irrotational and rotational flow, velocity potential and stream functions.Continuity, momentum and energy equation, Navier-Stokes equation, Euler’s equation of motion, application to fluid flow problems, pipe flow, sluice gates, weirs.3.2 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude:
   Buckingham’s Pi-theorem, dimensionless parameters.3.3 Laminar Flow:
   Laminar flow between parallel, stationary and moving plates, flow through tube.3.4 Boundary layer:
   Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sub layer, smooth and rough boundaries, drag and lift.Turbulent flow through pipes:
   Characteris-tics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and variation of pipe friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line.3.5 Open channel flow:
   Uniform and non-uniform flows, momentum and energy correction factors, specific energy and specific force, critical depth, rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, gradually varied flow, classification of surface profiles, control section, step method of integration of varied flow equation.3.6 Hydraulic Machines and Hydropower:
   Hydraulic turbines, types classification, Choice of turbines, performance parameters, controls, characteristics, specific speed.
   Principles of hydropower development.
4. Geotechnical Engineering: Soil Type and structure – gradation and particle size distribution – consistency limits.
   Water in soil – capillary and structural – effective stress and pore water pressure – permeability concept – field and laboratory determination of permeability – Seepage pressure – quick sand conditions – Shear strength determination – Mohr Coulomb concept.
   Compaction of soil – Laboratory and field tests.
   Compressibility and consolidation concept – consolidation theory – consolidation settlement analysis.
   Earth pressure theory and analysis for retaining walls, Application for sheet piles and Braced excavation.
   Bearing capacity of soil – approaches for analysis – Field tests – settlement analysis – stability of slope of earth walk.
   Subsurface exploration of soils – methods Foundation – Type and selection criteria for foundation of structures – Design criteria for foundation – Analysis of distribution of stress for footings and pile – pile group action-pile load test.
   Ground improvement techniques.

UPSC MAINS CIVIL ENGINEERING SYLLABUS 2017 PAPER – II

1. Construction Technology, Equipment, Planning and Management:1.1 Construction Technology:
   Engineering Materials:
   Physical properties of construction materials with respect to their use in construction
   – Stones, Bricks and Tiles; Lime, Cement, different types of Mortars and Concrete.
   Specific use of ferro cement, fibre reinforced C.C, High strength concrete.
   Timber, properties and defects – common preservation treatments.
   Use and selection of materials for specific use like Low Cost Housing, Mass Housing, High Rise Buildings.1.2 Construction:
   Masonry principles using Brick, stone, Blocks – construction detailing and strength characteristics.
   Types of plastering, pointing, flooring, roofing and construction features.
   Common repairs in buildings.
   Principles of functional planning of building for residents and specific use – Building code provisions.
   Basic principles of detailed and approximate estimating – specification writing and rate analysis – principles of valuation of real property.
   Machinery for earthwork, concreting and their specific uses – Factors affecting selection of equipment – operating cost of Equipment.1.3 Construction Planning and Management:
   Construction activity – schedules- organization for construction industry – Quality assurance principles.
   Use of Basic principles of network – analysis in form of CPM and PERT – their use in construction monitoring, Cost optimization and resource allocation.
   Basic principles of Economic analysis and methods.
   Project profitability – Basic principles of Boot approach to financial planning – simple toll fixation criterions.
2. Surveying and Transportation Engineering:
   2.1 Surveying:
   Common methods and instruments for distance and angle measurement for CE work – their use in plane table, traverse survey, leveling work, triangulation, contouring and topographical map.
   Basic principles of photogrammetry and remote sensing.2.2 Railway Engineering:
   Permanent way – components, types and their functions – Functions and Design constituents of turn and crossings – Necessity of geometric design of track – Design of station and yards.2.3 Highway Engineering:
   Principles of Highway alignments – classification and geometrical design elements and standards for Roads.
   Pavement structure for flexible and rigid pavements – Design principles and methodology of pavements.
   Typical construction methods and standards of materials for stabilized soil, WBM, Bituminous works and CC roads.
   Surface and sub-surface drainage arrangements for roads – culvert structures.
   Pavement distresses and strengthening by overlays.
   Traffic surveys and their applications in traffic planning – Typical design features for channelized, intersection, rotary etc – signal designs – standard Traffic signs and markings.
3. Hydrology, Water Resources and Engineering:3.1 Hydrology:
   Hydrological cycle, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, overland flow, hydrograph, flood frequency analysis, flood routing through a reservoir, channel flow routing-Muskingam method.3.2 Ground water flow:
   Specific yield, storage coefficient, coefficient of permeability, confined and unconfined equifers, aquifers, aquitards, radial flow into a well under confined and unconfined conditions.3.3 Water Resources Engineering:
   Ground and surface water resource, single and multipurpose projects, storage capacity of reservoirs, reservoir losses, reservoir sedimentation.3.4 Irrigation Engineering:
   (i) Water requirements of crops: consumptive use, duty and delta, irrigation methods and their efficiencies.
   (ii) Canals: Distribution systems for canal irrigation, canal capacity, canal losses, alignment of main and distributary canals, most efficient section, lined canals, their design, regime theory, critical shear stress, bed load.
   (iii) Water logging: causes and control, salinity.
   (iv)Canal structures: Design of, head regulators, canal falls, aqueducts, metering flumes and canal outlets.
   (v) Diversion headwork: Principles and design of weirs of permeable and impermeable foundation, Khosla’s theory, energy dissipation.
   (vi)Storage works: Types of dams, design, principles of rigid gravity, stability analysis.
   (vii) Spillways: Spillway types, energy dissipation.
   (viii) River training: Objectives of river training, methods of river training.
4. Environmental Engineering:
   
   4.1 Water Supply:
   Predicting demand for water, impurities of water and their significance, physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis, waterborne diseases, standards for potable water.4.2 Intake of water:
   Water treatment: principles of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation; slow-; rapid-, pressure-, filters; chlorination, softening, removal of taste, odor and salinity.4.3 Sewerage systems:
   Domestic and industrial wastes, storm sewage–separate and combined systems, flow through sewers, design of sewers.4.4 Sewage characterization:
   BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and TOC. Standards of disposal in normal watercourse and on land.4.5 Sewage treatment:
   Working principles, units, chambers, sedimentation tanks, trickling filters, oxidation ponds, activated sludge process, septic tank, disposal of sludge, recycling of wastewater.4.6 Solid waste:
   Collection and disposal in rural and urban contexts, management of long-term ill effects.
5. Environmental pollution: Sustainable development. Radioactive wastes and disposal. Environmental impact assessment for thermal power plants, mines, river valley projects. Air pollution. Pollution control acts.