Indus Valley Civilization:-Indus Valley Civilization was the first major civilization in
south Asia, which spread across a vast area of land in present day
India and Pakistan (around 12 lakh sq.km). The time period of mature
Indus Valley Civilization is estimated between BC. 2700- BC.1900 ie. for
800 years. But early Indus Valley Civilization had existed even before
BC.2700.
Main points of Indus Valley Civilization:-
Main points of Indus Valley Civilization:-
- BC. 2700- BC.1900 ie for 800 years.
- On the valleys of river Indus.
- Also known as Harappan Civilization.
- Beginning of city life.
- Harappan Sites discovered by – Dayaram Sahni (1921) – Montgomori district, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Mohanjodaro discovered by – R. D. Banerji – Larkana district, Sind, Pakistan.
- City was divided into Citadel(west) and Lower Town(east).
- Red pottery painted with designs in black.
- Stone weights, seals, special beads, copper tools, long stone blades etc.
- Copper, bronze, silver, gold present.
- Artificially produced – Faience.
- Specialists for handicrafts.
- Import of raw materials.
- Plough was used.
- Bodies were buried in wooden coffins, but during the later stages ‘H symmetry culture’ evolved where bodies were buried in painted burial urns.
- Sugar cane not cultivated, horse, iron not used.
Indus Valley Sites and Specialties
Harappa
- Seals out of stones
- Citadel outside on banks of river Ravi
Mohenjodaro
- Great Bath, Great Granary, Dancing Girl, Man with Beard, Cotton, Assembly hall
- Term means ” Mount of the dead”
- On the bank of river Indus
- Believed to have been destructed by flood or invasion(Destruction was not gradual).
Chanhudaro
- Bank of Indus river. – discovered by Gopal Majumdar and Mackey (1931)
- Pre-harappan culture – Jhangar Culture and Jhukar Culture
- Only cite without citadel.
Kalibangan
- At Rajastan on the banks of river Ghaggar, discovered by A.Ghosh (1953)
- Fire Altars
- Bones of camel
- Evidence of furrows
- Horse remains ( even though Indus valley people didn’t use horses).
- Known as third capital of Indus Empire.
Lothal
- At Gujarat near Bhogava river, discovered by S.R. Rao (1957)
- Fire Altars
- Beside the tributary of Sabarmati
- Store house
- Dockyard and earliest port
- double burial
- Rice husk
- House had front entrance (exception).
Ropar
- Punjab, on the banks of river Sutlej. Discovered by Y.D Sharma (1955)
- Dog buried with humans
- Haryana
- On banks of lost river Saraswathi
- Barley Cultivation.
Dholavira
- Biggest site in India, until the discovery of Rakhigarhi.
- Located in Khadir Beyt, Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. Discovered by J.P Joshi/Rabindra Singh (1990)
- 3 parts + large open area for ceremonies
- Large letters of the Harappan script (sign boards).
Religion of Indus Valley People
- Pashupathi Mahadev (Proto Siva)
- Mother goddess
- Nature/ Animal worship
- Unicorn, Dove, Peepal Tree, Fire
- Amulets
- Idol worship was practiced ( not a feature of Aryans)
- Did not construct temples.
- Similarity to Hindu religious practises. (Hinduism in its present form originated later)
- No Caste system.
Indus Valley Society and Culture
- Systematic method of weights and measures ( 16 and its multiples).
- Pictographic Script, Boustrophedon script – Deciphering efforts by I. Mahadevan
- Equal status to men and women
- Economic Inequality, not an egalitarian society
- Textiles – Spinning and weaving
- 3 types – burial, cremation and post cremation were there, though burial was common.
- Majority of people Proto-australoids and Mediterraneans (Dravidians), though Mongoloids, Nordics etc were present in the city culture. Read more on races of India.